raha sadat ramezanian; Mohammadtaher Ahmadishadmehri; mohamad javad razmi; Mohammad Hossein Mahdavi Adeli
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
Pension funds, as intergenerational financial institutions, should be able to finance individuals in old age and disability by accumulating the micro-savings of the insured and investing in them. Therefore, one of the concerns of the mentioned funds is how to invest the micro-savings ...
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INTRODUCTION
Pension funds, as intergenerational financial institutions, should be able to finance individuals in old age and disability by accumulating the micro-savings of the insured and investing in them. Therefore, one of the concerns of the mentioned funds is how to invest the micro-savings of the insured in different areas. In Iran, pension funds under the Ministry of Cooperatives, Labor and Social Welfare play a significant role in the capital market and more than 53% of the daily value of the assets of these funds belong to the listed companies (47% of non-listed capital), which possess more than 13% of the total market daily value (stock exchange and over-the-counter).
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Minimizing portfolio risk, investors can obtain an efficient portfolio for a certain return. Continuation of this process leads to the development of efficient portfolios, called the mean-variance efficiency frontier. The following data are required to apply the Markowitz model:
Expected return on stock i, denoted by E(Ri).
The standard deviation of the expected return on ith stock, considered as an indicator for the risk of every stock, denoted by Si.
Covariance, as an indicator of coordination between the return rates of different stocks, denoted by δij.
METHODOLOGY
To determine the optimal portfolio, first the returns of the days in which the transaction did not take place were interpolated by MATLAB and interpolation method and a matrix of 1354 × 9 was obtained. Then, at a 15 percent confidence level, the normality of the time series of returns of each group of industries was investigated by Jarque-Bera (JB) test. Next, the Markowitz model was solved and the weights were determined for each stock in the optimal portfolio of the Social Security Pension Fund. Research data were collected daily for the period 2015:03:25 – 2020:09:21 from the website of the Financial Information Processing Center of Iran and the Social Security Investment Company.
RESULTS & DISCUSSION
Findings show that for investment in the Social Security Pension Fund, among real portfolio, the Markowitz model portfolio and the VaR model portfolio, the Markowitz model optimal portfolio is better than the VaR portfolio and the real portfolio as it has the highest return-to-risk ratio. In order to optimize the investment portfolio, this fund should increase its investment share in the groups of pharmaceutical materials and products by 7%, investments by 2% and the base metals by 1%. It should also reduce its investment share in the groups of multidisciplinary companies by 3%, chemical products by 3%, cement, gypsum and lime by 2% and petroleum products by 2%.
CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS
Since the results of the study show that the proposed portfolio of this study based on the Markowitz model is optimal for investing in the stock industries of the Social Security Fund, it is suggested to the authorities and planners of this fund to change their existing investment portfolio to the proposed portfolio and especially increase their share of investment in the group of pharmaceutical materials and products as the Social Security Organization (TPICO Holding) has an advantage in this industry on a national scale and its development is consistent with the organization's strategies. It is also suggested that the Social Security Fund reduce the dispersion of investment in markets-industries and over-investment in company management as it has always posed a great risk to pension funds around the world.
Mohammad javad razmi; Seyed mahdi mostafavi; Mohadese Mahmoodi
Abstract
Economic growth is one of the goals any country that always been considered by policy makers and planners. In recent years researching the relationship between financial development and economic growth is of particular importance and intensive studies have been performed in this field. On the other hand, ...
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Economic growth is one of the goals any country that always been considered by policy makers and planners. In recent years researching the relationship between financial development and economic growth is of particular importance and intensive studies have been performed in this field. On the other hand, financial development is caused by a factor, such as trade liberalization. The usual view is that, trade liberalization with led securities to the efficient investment opportunities will lead to financial market development. But there is a different opinion about this theory they believe trade development is limited to financial economics.
In this regard, this study tries to investigate by using panel data for the group of developing countries that their financial system is the same (The indicators of financial development).
The results of this study show that trade openness policies for financial development that now is a major economy of the countries, is not appropriate, at least in the early stages.
Mohammad Javad Razmi; Hadi Ghavami; Solmaz nejati moharram
Abstract
Unemployment rate is one of the most leading among the important economic indicators. One of the most influential factors on unemployment rate is job quitting. Experts consider two kinds of job quitting, intentionally and unintentionally. Many studies have been done around the world, on the importance ...
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Unemployment rate is one of the most leading among the important economic indicators. One of the most influential factors on unemployment rate is job quitting. Experts consider two kinds of job quitting, intentionally and unintentionally. Many studies have been done around the world, on the importance of job quitting, unemployment duration, and also on the costs caused by finding a new job. But, no one has studied job quitting and its impact on the unemployment rate in Iran, while this survey, besides all mentioned phoneme phenomenon, has also paid attention to the relationship between job quitting by wage earning and entrepreneur, intentionally and unintentionally, using the issued data of 2006 in the country.
The results of this survey, using the Probit Model, shows that intentionally factors like low income, family problems and immigration, have a direct impact on job quitting by self employed. While other intentional factors like keeping on the studies, and unintentional factors like, having a seasonal job, firing or cutting down the number of personals, retiring, and end of conscription have an indirect impact on job quitting by self employed.
